The Forbes 400: "The Richest People In America"

The combined net worth of the 2012 class of the 400 richest Americans is $1.7 trillion, up from $1.5 trillion a year ago. The average net worth of a Forbes 400 member is a staggering $4.2 billion, up from $3.8 billion, and the highest ever, as two-thirds of the individuals added to their fortunes in the past year.  Another factor: the gap between the very rich and the merely rich is widening. Only two in the top 20 are poorer, and as a group they are worth $73 billion more than a year ago.

The country’s three richest entrepreneurs drove much of those gains, continuing to add billions to their net worth, even as they give money away. Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Larry Ellison, who hold onto their respective spots at numbers 1, 2 and 3, were up $7 billion, $7 billion and $8 billion, respectively.  Ellison’s $8 billion jump was the biggest dollar gain of anyone on the list this year. Pals Gates and Buffett are also the most generous people on the planet, having given $28 billion and $17.5 billion to date, respectively, including $1.5 billion that Buffett gave away since the last rich lisPhotos: Forbes 400 Newcomers 20

Forbes launched its definitive ranking of the nation’s super rich in 1982. Back then the price of admission into this most exclusive of clubs was a mere $75 million of net worth. Even after adjusting for inflation, this year’s entry fee ($1.1 billion) is roughly six times what it was 30 years ago . There were just 13 billionaires at the time and the total worth of the 400 club was a mere $93 billion.

There has been much discussion of late about the widening gap between rich and poor and what role the wealthiest Americans should play in fixing society’s ills, and how much taxes they should pay.

This list on the surface will perhaps exacerbate these concerns, but a deeper analysis instills confidence that the American dream is still very much alive. Seventy percent of the Forbes 400 members made their fortunes entirely from scratch; of the 20 newcomers who climbed into the ranks, only four inherited (including Steve Jobs’ widow, Laurene Powell Jobs, who is the richest newcomer with a net worth of $11 billion).

Each of these people’s success has a ripple effect. Consider Andrew and Peggy Cherng, the founders of restaurant chain Panda Express, who debut with a combined net worth of $2 billion. Their restaurants employ approximately 21,000 people. The gas and convenience stores owned by Tom and Judy Love, also new entrants, employ another 10,000. Other notable newcomers showing there is no shortage of ingenious ideas are Under Armour’s Kevin Plank, 5-Hour Energy’s Manoj Bhargava and Twitter’s Jack Dorsey, who gets the bulk of his fortune not from social media but from his mobile bill payment company Square.

While winners outnumbered losers by nearly four to one (that adds together the 266 gainers, 20 newcomers and 12 returnees), there were some stunning drops. No one fell more dramatically than Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg, whose fortune stumbled $8.1 billion, making him the year’s biggest loser. He is still $2.5 billion richer than he was two years ago and he’s handily entrenched in the ranks.  Not true for some of his other social media brethren who marched onto The Forbes 400 a year ago and have since retreated. Among this year’s 25 drop-offs (another 7 passed away) are Groupon’s Eric Lefkofsky, Zynga’s Mark Pincus and Facebook’s venture capitalist Jim Breyer (who missed the cut by $50 million. )

BYLINE

Wealth Editors: Luisa Kroll, Kerry A. Dolan

Wealth Reporters: Erin Carlyle, Edwin Durgy, Christopher Helman, Sean Kilachand, Ryan Mac, Caleb Melby, Clare O’Connor, Brian Solomon

Lists Editor: Bruce Upbin

Additional reporting: Victoria Barret, Jeff Bercovici, Elena Berezanskaya ,Steven Bertoni, Morgan Brennan, Monte Burke, Meghan Casserly, Hannah Elliott, Russell Flannery, Agustino Fontevecchia, Daniel Fisher, Ricardo Geromel, Tomio Geron, Jenna Goudreau, Zina Moukheiber, Joann Muller, Robert Olsen, Claire Peracchio, Dorothy Pomerantz, Samantha Sharf, Nathan Vardi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dan Fasulo, Real Capital Analytics; Sam Hamadeh, Privco; SNL Kagan; Rohun Khanna, CapitalSource; Daniel Lesser, LW Hospitality Advisors LLC; Gregory Linn, Linn Press Art Advisory Services; Andy Mayoras, Trial and Heirs; Tom McGovern, Cassidy Turley; Melanie A. McKitrick, Giving USA;  Jonathan Miller, Miller Samuel; Clayton Press, Linn Press Art Advisory Services; Prequin;  Bill Tedesco, DonorSearch; Brian Trebelhorn, Remax Advantage Plus; Ryan Woroniecki, DonorSearch;

 METHODOLOGY

Our estimates are a snapshot of each list member’s wealth on Aug. 24, when we locked in net-worth numbers and rankings. Some of The Forbes 400 will become richer or poorer within weeks—even days—of publication. To compile these rankings, we started with a list of 540 individuals considered strong candidates and then got to work. When possible we met with list candidates in person; we spoke with at least 95 billionaires this year. We also interviewed their employees, handlers, rivals, peers and attorneys. We pored over hundreds of Securities & Exchange Commission documents, court records, probate records, federal financial disclosures and Web and print stories. We took into account all assets we could value and we factored in debt in many cases. Of course, we don’t pretend to know what is listed on each billionaire’s private balance sheet, although some candidates did provide paperwork to that effect.

Some billionaires who preside over privately held companies were happy to share their financial figures, but others were less forthcoming. To value these businesses we coupled estimates of revenues or profits with prevailing price-to-revenues or price-to-earnings ratios for similar public companies. We did not include dispersed family fortunes (like the Du Ponts) when individual net worths were below our minimum. But we did include wealth belonging to a member’s immediate relatives if the wealth could be traced to one living individual; in that case, you’ll see “& family” on our list as an indication.